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List of Illustrations and Tables ix Acknowledgments xiii Chapter1: The Micro-sociology of Violent Confrontations 1 Violent Situations 1Micro-evidence: Situational Recordings, Reconstructions, and Observations 3Comparing Situations across Types of Violence 8 Fight Myths 10 ViolentSituations Are Shaped by an Emotional Field of Tension and Fear 19Alternative Theoretical Approaches 20 Historical Evolution of SocialTechniques for Controlling Confrontational Tension 25 Sources 29 Preview 32The Complementarity of Micro and Macro Theories 34 PART ONE: The DirtySecrets of Violence 37 Chapter 2: Confrontational Tension andIncompetent Violence 39 Brave, Competent and Evenly Matched? 39 The CentralReality: Confrontational Tension 41 Tension/Fear and Non-performance inMilitary Combat 43 Low Fighting Competence 57 Friendly Fire and BystanderHits 59 Joy of Combat: Under What Conditions? 66 The Continuum ofTension/Fear and Combat Performance 68 Confrontational Tension in Policingand Non-Military Fighting 70 Fear of What? 73 Chapter 3: Forward Panic83 Confrontational Tension and Release: Hot Rush, Piling On, Overkill 89Atrocities of War 94 Caveat: The Multiple Causation of Atrocities 99Asymmetrical Entrainment of Forward Panic and Paralyzed Victims 102 ForwardPanics and One-Sided Casualties in Decisive Battles 104 Atrocities of Peace112 Crowd Violence 115 Demonstrators and Crowd-Control Forces 121 TheCrowd Multiplier 128 Alternatives to Forward Panic 132 Chapter 4:Attacking the Weak: I. Domestic Abuse 134 The Emotional Definition of theSituation 134 Background and Foreground Explanations 135 Abusing theExceptionally Weak: Time-patterns from Normalcy to Atrocity 137 ThreePathways: Normal Limited Conflict, Severe Forward Panic, and TerroristicTorture Regime 141 Negotiating Interactional Techniques of Violence andVictimhood 148 Chapter 5: Attacking the Weak: II. Bullying, Mugging, andHoldups 156 The Continuum of Total Institutions 165 Muggings and Holdups174 Battening on Interactional Weakness 186 PART TWO: Cleaned-up andStaged Violence 191 Chapter 6: Staging Fair Fights 193 Hero versus Hero194 Audience Supports and Limits on Violence 198 Fighting Schools andFighting Manners 207 Displaying Risk and Manipulating Danger in Sword andPistol Duels 212 The Decline of Elite Dueling and Its Replacement by theGunfight 220 Honor without Fairness: Vendettas as Chains of UnbalancedFights 223 Ephemeral Situational Honor and Leap-Frog Escalation to One-GunFights 226 Behind the Faci? ade of Honor and Disrespect 229 The CulturalPrestige of Fair and Unfair Fights 237 Chapter 7: Violence as Fun andEntertainment 242 Moral Holidays 243 Looting and Destruction asParticipation Sustainers 245 The Wild Party as Elite Potlatch 253 CarousingZones and Boundary Exclusion Violence 256 End-Resisting Violence 259Frustrated Carousing and Stirring up Effervescence 261 Paradox: Why DoesMost Intoxication Not Lead to Violence? 263 The One-Fight-Per-VenueLimitation 270 Fighting as Action and Fun 274 Mock Fights and Mosh Pits 277Chapter 8: Sports Violence 282 Sports as Dramatically ContrivedConflicts 283 Game Dynamics and Player Violence 285 Winning by PracticalSkills for Producing Emotional Energy Dominance 296 The Timing of PlayerViolence: Loser-Frustration Fights and Turning-Point Fights 302 Spectators'Game-Dependent Violence 307 Offsite Fans' Violence: Celebration and DefeatRiots 311 Offsite Violence as Sophisticated Technique: Soccer Hooligans 315The Dramatic Local Construction of Antagonistic Identities 324 Revolt of theAudience in the Era of Entertainers' Domination 328 PART THREE: Dynamicsand Structure of Violent Situations 335 Chapter 9: How Fights Start, orNot 337 Normal Limited Acrimony: Griping, Whining, Arguing, Quarreling 338Boasting and Blustering 345 The Code of the Street: InstitutionalizedBluster and Threat 348 Pathways into the Tunnel of Violence 360 Chapter10: The Violent Few 370 Small Numbers of the Actively and CompetentlyViolent 370 Confrontation Leaders and Action-Seekers: Police 375 Who Wins?381 Military Snipers: Concealed and Absorbed in Technique 381 Fighter PilotAces: Aggressively Imposing Momentum 387 In the Zone versus the Glaze ofCombat: Micro-situational Techniques of Interactional Dominance 399 The 9/11Cockpit Fight 409 11. Violence as Dominance in Emotional Attention Space 413What Does the Rest of the Crowd Do? 413 Violence without Audiences:Professional Killers and Clandestine Violence 430 Confrontation-MinimizingTerrorist Tactics 440 Violent Niches in Confrontational Attention Space 448Epilogue Practical Conclusions 463 Notes 467 References 527 Index 555